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Prostate cancer screening typically involves two main components: a digital rectal examination (DRE) and a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. Here’s what each component of screening entails:
- Digital Rectal Examination (DRE):
- During a digital rectal examination, a healthcare provider inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland. The prostate gland is located just in front of the rectum, and its size, shape, and texture can be assessed by gently pressing on it through the rectal wall.
- The healthcare provider will check for any abnormalities, such as lumps, nodules, or areas of hardness, which may suggest the presence of prostate cancer. However, not all prostate cancers can be detected by DRE, especially in the early stages.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test:
- The PSA test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen, a protein produced by the prostate gland, in the blood. Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer, although PSA levels can also be elevated due to other factors such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate), or recent ejaculation.
- The PSA test is typically performed by collecting a blood sample from a vein in the arm. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
- The PSA test results are usually reported as a numerical value in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). Higher PSA levels may prompt further evaluation, such as additional testing or a prostate biopsy, to determine the cause of the elevated PSA and rule out prostate cancer.
It’s important to note that prostate cancer screening is not without controversy, and the benefits and risks of screening should be carefully considered. Screening may lead to the detection and treatment of prostate cancers that may never cause symptoms or harm during a man’s lifetime (overdiagnosis and overtreatment). Additionally, false-positive results may lead to unnecessary anxiety and follow-up testing, while false-negative results may provide false reassurance.
Men should discuss the benefits and risks of prostate cancer screening with their healthcare provider and make an informed decision based on their individual circumstances. Regular discussions with healthcare providers about prostate cancer screening are important for early detection and management of the disease.